Wood-boring insects constitute a major constraint to the conservation and durability of timber in tropical environments. The present study aimed to identify the main insects associated with timber in the municipality of Korhogo and to evaluate, under semi-controlled conditions, the efficacy of two synthetic insecticides, bifenthrin and cypermethrin, as well as the essential oil of Eucalyptus camaldulensis. An entomological survey was conducted at 40 sites, including carpentry workshops, sawmills, houses and public buildings. The observed insects were collected and identified in the laboratory. The efficacy of the treatments was then evaluated on the main species of each group, namely Prostephanus truncatus among Coleoptera and Macrotermes subhyalinus among termites. Six treatments were compared: control, bifenthrin at 0.1%, cypermethrin at 0.2%, and E. camaldulensis essential oil at 40, 60 and 80 µL. Repellent effects were monitored for 75 min, and mortality was assessed after 24, 48 and 72 h. The inventory recorded 12 species, including six termite species and six Coleoptera species. M. subhyalinus had the highest mean occurrence frequency among termites (52.50%), whereas P. truncatus was dominant among Coleoptera (35%). The essential oil showed dose-dependent repellent activity, with mean rates ranging from 76 to 92% in Coleoptera and from 83.84 to 96.96% in termites. Termite mortality reached 100% within 24 h with cypermethrin and the three essential oil doses, whereas among Coleoptera, mortality reached 100% after 48 h with 80 µL of essential oil. These results highlight the repellent and insecticidal potential of E. camaldulensis essential oil, while emphasizing the need to improve its formulation to limit the effects associated with its volatility.