Termites (Isoptera) are ecologically important detritophagous insects that help with nutrient recycling, soil formation, and ecosystem function; yet, over 300 species are identified as devastating pests of agriculture, forestry, and urban infrastructure around the world. Their secretive lifestyle, eusocial colony structure, and efficient chemical communication mechanisms facilitate rapid colony expansion while making management extremely difficult. Termites are estimated to cost $50 billion in structural and agricultural losses worldwide each year. Despite their economic importance, research on termite biology, ecology, and control in urban areas is scarce.

This review summarizes current understanding of termite taxonomy, biology, ecological roles, and pest status, followed by an assessment of primary management options such as physical and mechanical controls, cultural practices, biological agents, botanicals, and chemical termiticides. The strengths, limits, and environmental implications of each technique are highlighted, as is the emerging importance of Integrated Termite Management. Although biological and plant-based techniques show promise as environmentally benign alternatives, their field performance is uneven.