Bed bugs belonging to the genus Cimex (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) are recognized as significant household pests with notable socioeconomic and medical consequences. This review examines Cimex lectularius and Cimex hemipterus, which are of particular importance due to their close association with human environments. The review synthesizes current scientific literature regarding their biological characteristics, geographical distribution, life cycle, blood-feeding behavior, socioeconomic impacts, and medical relevance. Both species possess dorsoventrally flattened bodies and are obligate blood feeders. Morphological differentiation between C. lectularius and C. hemipterus is possible based on pronotal features. Environmental factors, blood meal availability, and mating behavior influence their development and reproductive success. Bed bug infestations impose financial burdens on households and accommodation providers, affecting pest control costs, consumer confidence, and willingness to pay for lodging. Medically, bed bug bites can lead to dermatological reactions, allergic responses, psychological distress, and sleep disturbances. While experimental research has shown that bed bugs can acquire and potentially transmit certain pathogens, their role in the natural transmission of human infectious diseases remains unverified. A comprehensive understanding of these biological and socioeconomic factors is critical for enhancing surveillance, preventing infestations, and implementing integrated bed bug management strategies.