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VOL. 11, ISSUE 4 (2026)
Herbicide-induced ecotoxicological responses in earthworms: An integrated review of soil ecosystem services, growth, reproduction and biomarker-based risk assessment
Authors
Dr. Arjun Shukla, Srishti Kaurav, Puspanjali Sonkar, Pinki Gupta, Shreya Gautam, Maneesha, Ringroshan Masram
Abstract
Earthworms are important components of
terrestrial ecosystems because they contribute to soil structure formation,
organic matter decomposition, nutrient cycling, water regulation and the
maintenance of soil biological activity. Their ecological functions make them
valuable bioindicators for evaluating the potential effects of agricultural
chemicals on soil health. Although herbicides are used to control weeds and
improve crop production, their active ingredients, commercial formulations and
transformation products may expose non-target soil organisms under certain
agricultural conditions. This review critically examines herbicide-related
effects on earthworm survival, growth, reproduction, behaviour and biochemical
responses, while integrating these responses with the ecosystem services
provided by earthworms. Particular attention is given to glyphosate-based
herbicides as a comparative case study, with emphasis on the distinction
between active ingredients and commercial formulations and the potential
influence of temperature and soil organic matter. Evidence from published
studies and standardised ecotoxicological guidelines is evaluated to identify
the strengths and limitations of commonly used toxicity endpoints. The literature
indicates that acute mortality alone may not adequately represent ecological
risk because changes in reproduction, behaviour or physiological function may
occur independently of substantial mortality. Responses also vary according to
the chemical, formulation, earthworm species, exposure conditions and
biological endpoint. An integrated framework combining standardised toxicity
tests, biochemical biomarkers, soil biological functions and field-level
validation is proposed. This approach may improve the ecological interpretation
of herbicide exposure and support environmentally responsible weed management,
soil conservation and sustainable agricultural practices.
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Pages:183-188
How to cite this article:
Dr. Arjun Shukla, Srishti Kaurav, Puspanjali Sonkar, Pinki Gupta, Shreya Gautam, Maneesha, Ringroshan Masram "Herbicide-induced ecotoxicological responses in earthworms: An integrated review of soil ecosystem services, growth, reproduction and biomarker-based risk assessment". International Journal of Entomology Research, Vol 11, Issue 4, 2026, Pages 183-188
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