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VOL. 11, ISSUE 1 (2026)
Gram-negative bacterial diseases in cold-water aquaculture: Pathogens, impacts, and control strategies—A comprehensive review
Authors
Shivani Sharma, Sonika Sharma
Abstract
The most rapidly expanding food production
sector on a global scale and is currently a significant portion of the world
fish consumption, aquaculture is central to the economies and nutrition of the
world, where the salmon and trout in cold water economies are key players.
Concurrently, the upgrading of cold-water aquaculture has led to a favourable
disease outbreak environment specifically due to the high stocking density, the
environmental stressor and the poor quality of water. Essentially causing major
systemic diseases; bacterial cold-water disease, furunculosis, enteric red
mouth disease and vibriosis resulting in severe mortality, tissue damage and
immense economic losses in farmed salmonids are the gram-negative pathogens
particularly Flavobacterium psychrophilum, Aeromonas salmonicida, Yersinia
ruckeri and Vibrio anguillarum. The routes of vertical and horizontal
transmission, the presence of carrier fish and environmental reservoirs and
increased antimicrobial resistance due to the extensive use of antibiotics also
contribute to these infections. The level of efficiency may be varied depending
on the control strategies such as Vaccination, better husbandry,
chemotherapeutic agents’ application, probiotics and immunostimulants. With
which this disease has been controlled worldwide that is a completely differ
from just introducing the vaccines only especially in early life stages but
understanding on pathogen-host environment interactions and deficiency of
available vaccines so far particularly in early stage are being remained
challenging to standing against better disease control. The biosecurity level
therefore needs to be strengthened in addition to enhancing environmental and
nutritional standards, introducing strategies of reduction of stocking densities
in and developing a more specific prophylactic system which is easily utilized
to protect fish health, enhance productivity and subsequent sustainability of
the cold -water aquaculture.
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Pages:168-174
How to cite this article:
Shivani Sharma, Sonika Sharma "Gram-negative bacterial diseases in cold-water aquaculture: Pathogens, impacts, and control strategies—A comprehensive review". International Journal of Entomology Research, Vol 11, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 168-174
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