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VOL. 11, ISSUE 1 (2026)
Neurotoxins in hemotoxic snake venom and the amplification of their toxicity via endogenous signaling pathways: A detailed review
Authors
Anubhav Dubey, Priyanshu Srivastava
Abstract
The most important networks of the carcass,
particularly the neurological and circulatory systems are the main targets of
snake venoms used in hunts. While most rear-fanged snakes and snakes in the
snake line create bleeding-causing venoms that primarily target blood
coagulation, snakes in the snake family typically produce neurotoxin venoms
that contain toxins that target the nervous system. It's not quite evident,
though. It has recently been determined that blood-causing stings indeed
contain neurotoxic components, and some viperid bites cause neurotoxic
symptoms. Viperid phospholipases A2, for instance, may exhibit posterior or
pre-synaptic activity and play a role in analgesia and pain. Other neurotoxins
come from a variety of families, including big multi-subunit proteins.Baptides
like crotamine, these cysteine-filled proteins that secrete, Kunitz-associated
inhibitors of protease sarafotoxins, and three-finger toxins are further
neurotoxins derived from hemotoxic venoms. A few of these poisons show postsynaptic
action.The complex and changeable collection of proteins that make up the
active ingredients of snake venoms results in a wide range of medicinal
properties and toxicities that are mostly stereotyped. The proportional roles
of five major pathologies—neuromuscular dysfunction, inflammatory conditions,
coagulopathy, cell/organ damage, and disturbance of homeostatic systems of
normal physiology—are determined by the diversity of venom proteins and host
susceptibilities. In this study, we explain how signals that dysregulate
inflammation, coagulation-dependent neurotransmission, and how well cells
survive are amplified in addition to being directly mediated by venom in
snakebite. Despite the diversity of venom proteins, a small set of enzyme-type
activities and the effects of tiny poisonous peptides are responsible for most
significant pathologic events that occur after envenoming.
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Pages:72-87
How to cite this article:
Anubhav Dubey, Priyanshu Srivastava "Neurotoxins in hemotoxic snake venom and the amplification of their toxicity via endogenous signaling pathways: A detailed review". International Journal of Entomology Research, Vol 11, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 72-87
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