Aquatic entomofauna are important bioindicators for monitoring freshwater ecosystem health due to their ecological sensitivity and functional roles. The present study aimed to assess the spatial distribution and relative abundance of aquatic insect communities across four distinct sites of Man Sagar Lake, Jaipur. Sampling was conducted using standardized entomological techniques targeting diverse microhabitats, and identification was performed using established taxonomic keys. Relative abundance at the family level was calculated using Microsoft Excel, and multivariate analyses including Bray–Curtis similarity and chord diagram visualization were carried out using PAST software (version 4.03). A total of 28 species and 12 insect families representing four major orders, viz., Odonata, Hemiptera, Coleoptera, and Diptera were recorded. Site 2 exhibited the highest abundance, contributing 65% of the total individuals, predominantly represented by families like Gerridae, Libellulidae, and Coenagrionidae. Followed by Site 4 and Site 3 accounting for 22% and 9%, respectively and Site 1 recorded the lowest (4%) representation across most families. It was also recorded that families such as Libellulidae, Gerridae, and Chironomidae were widely distributed, while Aeshnidae and Hydrophilidae were restricted to specific sites. The chord diagram showed strong species-site associations in Site 2, while Sites 1 and 3 exhibited limited connectivity, suggesting reduced diversity. Bray–Curtis analysis confirmed that Sites 2 and 4 shared the highest similarity, while Site 1 was most dissimilar from Site 2. Site 2 demonstrated high species diversity, low dominance, even distribution of individuals and elevated species richness, as reflected by favorable Shannon, Simpson, Evenness, and Margalef indices. The presence of sensitive families, Aeshnidae, Coenagrionidae, and Dytiscidae further indicated ecological stability and optimal habitat conditions. In contrast, Site 1 exhibited low species diversity, high dominance, and uneven distribution, with elevated Dominance and Berger–Parker indices. The community was overwhelmingly composed of pollution-tolerant Dipterans families like Chironomidae and Culicidae, reflecting severe ecological degradation due to eutrophication and anthropogenic stress. The study highlighted significant spatial variability in aquatic insect distribution and emphasized their value in ecological assessment and freshwater habitat monitoring in urban lake systems.