Background: India harbours an extraordinary diversity of over 1,379 butterfly species, reflecting the country's vast range of ecosystems, from dense forests to arid landscapes. In contrast, the state of Haryana has documented only 42 butterfly species, primarily due to limited survey efforts. Despite this relatively low number, the recorded diversity suggests significant untapped potential. Given their crucial roles as pollinators, ecological indicators, and contributors to ecosystem stability, butterflies warrant focused study and conservation, particularly in underexplored regions like Haryana.

Rational of the study: This review examines the current status of butterfly biodiversity, distribution, and conservation efforts across different landscapes of Haryana, including forests, urban environments, districts, and protected areas. It discusses the ecological importance of butterflies, emphasizing their dual roles as pollinators and bioindicators for assessing habitat quality and environmental sustainability. Analysis of literature from the past two decades reveals critical findings on species richness, distribution patterns, and emerging threats, such as habitat fragmentation, pesticide use, and urbanization. Comparative insights between national and regional conservation trends highlight Haryana’s relative deficiencies and the opportunities to strengthen local biodiversity initiatives. The review further identifies significant research gaps that must be addressed to develop a comprehensive understanding of butterfly ecology in the state