International Journal of Entomology Research

Authors
G Komala, Raghavendra Reddy Manda, Devina Seram

Abstract
Semiochemicals are chemical markers or signals that relay communication is the act of the same or different species (pheromones) (allelochemicals). Kairomones (beneficial to the receiver), synomones (beneficial to both the emitter and the receiver), allomones (beneficial to the emitter), and apneumones (beneficial to the emitter) are examples of allelochemicals (non biological origin). Pheromones for a wide range of insects from different orders have been described, synthesized, formulated, and tested in the field. Several insect species have been monitored for the purposes of population prediction, quarantine screening, and dispersal. For efficient management of insect pests, mass trapping and mating destruction have been used effectively, either alone or in conjunction with insecticides or biocontrol technologies. Indirectly, these approaches limit insecticide use and aid natural enemy survival. Popular Para pheromones used for tracking, mass trapping, and male annihilation include methyl eugenol, cue lure, and Tri Med lure. Plant volatiles are used to mass trap a variety of insects, especially coleopteran pests, either alone or in blends. Besides lepidopteron, coleopteran, and dipteran insects, pheromones have been used for monitoring purposes by insects from other orders, including Homoptera (mealybugs). Natural enemies' success is improved by kairomones and synomones. Insect pest control techniques such as anti-aggregation pheromones and "auto confusion" approaches are relatively new. To make the use of semiochemicals in pest control easier, researchers propose developing low-cost mating disturbance dispensers, semiochemical-based e-noses for tracking, and raising farmer understanding.