Two hundred and ten accessions of groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.) were evaluated for leaf caterpillar (Spodoptera litura F.) resistance and yield potential during Rabi season, 2018- 2019 at Thandavankulam, Nagapattinam, Tamil Nadu, India. Observations were recorded on mean larval population, per cent damage caused by leaf caterpillar and biometrical traits such as plant height, pod yield, number of mature pods, immature pods, primary branches, secondary branches and plant biomass. The mean larval population per plant was significant but negatively correlated with pod yield and number of secondary branches per plant whereas it was positively correlated with the number of matured pods and primary branches per plant. Per cent leaf damage exerted a significant negative correlation with secondary branches per plant and had a non-significant association with pod yield and plant biomass. A significant positive association was observed between the mean larval population and per cent leaf damage. For the characters viz., plant height, pod yield, number of matured pods, plant biomass and per cent leaf damage, high GCV, PCV, heritability and genetic advance were recorded indicating the role of additive gene action in controlling these characters and hence, selection for improvement of these characters in early generation itself might be effective.